Life science is often about understanding complex systems- from
human body systems to ecosystems to evolution. These are notoriously            
difficult to understand because it requires understanding how             
structures relate to functions and what the behaviors of the               
system are. Understanding a system involves considering the                  
causal interactions and functional relationships among the parts                
of the system. Some interactions between parts are invisible                  
and have a time sequence that makes them difficult to perceive.                 
Even adults struggle to learn about complex systems (Feltovich                 
et al., 1992). Yet such understanding is often critical to scientific          
analysis. The behaviors of the individual elements interact             
in such a way that the overall function of the system emerges              
from the behaviors of the components. These difficulties may                
be aggravated by the static depictions found in typical textbooks             
that focus on structures without considering the dynamic behaviors         
and function. It is not surprising then that learners often            
focus exclusively on perceptually apparent structures. This               
oversimplification of complex phenomenon that can cause enduring             
misconceptions (Feltovich et al., 1992).